Ambitious New Bankruptcy Code May Take Years to Clean Up India's Debt Mess

Indian bankruptcy code may soon win parliamentary approval, but struggling creditors shouldn't start celebrating yet.
Bankers back the new bankruptcy code, which would impose debt deadlines on failed firms and foresees up to five years in jail for debtors who conceal property or defraud creditors. | File Reuters
Bankers back the new bankruptcy code, which would impose debt deadlines on failed firms and foresees up to five years in jail for debtors who conceal property or defraud creditors. | File Reuters

NEW DELHI: A long-awaited Indian bankruptcy code may soon win parliamentary approval, but struggling creditors – above all state banks trying to recover $100 billion in bad loans – shouldn't start celebrating just yet.

The measure marks a vital step towards completing India's quarter-century-old transition from socialism to a market economy that has so far been unable to adequately address what to do when companies fail.

For Prime Minister Narendra Modi's drive to 'Make in India', encouraging new investment depends on unburdening creditors of old ones that have failed. The stakes are high: India has the world's fastest growing big economy, but is not creating enough new jobs.

Bankers back the new bankruptcy code, which would impose debt deadlines on failed firms and foresees up to five years in jail for debtors who conceal property or defraud creditors.

"This will speed up the process," said R.K. Gupta, an executive director at State-run Bank of Maharashtra.

Experts caution, however, that under the British-style bankruptcy code it would take years to train up a new class of insolvency professionals and compile proper debt records. A backlog of 70,000 liquidation cases will take time to clear.

The World Bank estimates that it typically takes four years to wind up an ailing company in India, twice as long as in China. The average recovery is just 25.7 cents on the dollar, among the worst in emerging markets.

CONSENSUS SEEN

A parliamentary panel has just cleared the bankruptcy bill after a four-month review, recommending amendments to let creditors go after the foreign assets of defaulters who until now have often been able to stay out of reach.

In a high-profile case, 17 banks are pursuing liquor tycoon Vijay Mallya for $1.4 billion owed by his collapsed Kingfisher Airlines. Mallya flew to London in March, leaving the government and bankers red faced, and now says he is in "forced exile".

Modi has faced an opposition blockade on key legislation, but there is broad cross-party support for the bankruptcy code. Whether it can pass before this session ends on May 13 will depend on how smoothly parliament runs, opposition sources say.

The new law would allow any creditor, in the event of a default, to trigger an insolvency resolution process that should typically be completed in 180 days. If 75 percent of creditors agree on a revival plan, that term can be extended by 90 days. Otherwise, a firm would be automatically liquidated.

The accumulated backlog of unsettled cases in debt recovery tribunals has risen by 12 times over three years to $57 billion through March 2015, the latest Reserve Bank of India data shows.

Finance ministry officials say cleaning up banks' bad loans is a top priority for the Modi administration in 2016.

RBI Governor Raghuram Rajan says the new measure would also support the development of India's corporate bond market.

Rating agencies say the bankruptcy code can be a "game changer in the medium term" for the banking sector.

"It improves banks' bargaining power vis-a-vis large creditors," said Srikanth Vadlamani, vice president, Financial Institutions Group, Moody's Investors Service.

Here are some of the highlights of the bankruptcy code:

UNIFIED BANKRUPTCY CODE

The government plans to repeal an ineffectual, century-old insolvency law and amend 11 laws currently dealing with defaulters.

Once fully implemented, the code would seek to speed up debt recoveries and restructurings by setting a deadline of 180 days to decide the fate of a company that defaults.

APPLICATION

The code will apply to companies, partnerships, limited liability partnerships, individuals and any other body specified by the government.

INSOLVENCY RESOLUTION

For individuals the process could be initiated either by the debtor or the creditors.

For companies, the resolution process will have to be completed within 180 days, with an extension of up to 90 days if 75 percent of creditors agree.

The process will involve negotiations between the debtor and creditors to draft a resolution plan. If they agree, the plan could be submitted to the authority. If no agreement is reached, the company would automatically go into liquidation.

The process will be managed by a licenced insolvency professional who will also control the assets of the debtor during the process. The code plans to set up information utilities to collect, collate and disseminate information to facilitate insolvency proceedings.

INSOLVENCY REGULATOR

The insolvency regulator would have representatives from government and the central bank, and oversee and regulate insolvency agencies.

TRIBUNALS

The National Company Law Tribunal would under the code address grievances relating to insolvency, bankruptcy and liquidation of companies. Debt Recovery Tribunals would deal with individual cases.

Their decisions could be challenged in appellate tribunals and before the Supreme Court.

PENALTIES

A debtor could be jailed for up to five years for concealing property or defrauding creditors.

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The New Indian Express
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