NEW YORK: Wayne Shorter, the storied saxophonist considered one of America's greatest jazz composers and among the genre's leading risk-takers, died on Thursday in Los Angeles. He was 89.
Shorter's publicist Alisse Kingsley confirmed his death to AFP, without specifying the cause.
The enigmatic jazz elder performed with fellow legend Miles Davis and went on to become a leading bandleader on both soprano and tenor sax, including with his group Weather Report.
He was one of the last living jazz greats to have cut his teeth in the genre's 1950s heyday when it was both the soundtrack at dance halls and gained ground in intellectual circles.
Tributes quickly began pouring in, with trumpeter and composer Wynton Marsalis hailing Shorter as a "giant of saxophone regardless of register" and a "jazz messenger."
Born on August 25, 1933 in Newark, New Jersey, Shorter expressed early interest in music and took up clarinet as a teenager.
He picked up the saxophone -- which became his instrument of choice -- shortly thereafter.
Shorter and his brother would play bebop, calling themselves "Mr Weird" and "Doc Strange" for their antics like wearing dark sunglasses in a dimly lit club.
"And we had wrinkled clothes, because we thought you played bebop better with wrinkled clothes," Shorter told The Atlantic in 2004.
"You had to be raggedy to be for real."
He attended New York University, where he graduated with a degree in music education in 1956, and spent two years in the army, where he played with jazz pianist Horace Silver.
"I knew that people start on instruments when they're five years old, so I did think I had a lot of catching up to do," he told The Washington Post before receiving the prestigious Kennedy Center Honor, celebrating the best in American arts, in 2018.
"But when things started to move, opportunities came at a pace I hadn't seen."
'Real composer'
In 1964, Shorter left Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers -- with which he found international fame, touring for four years and becoming the band's musical director -- to join trumpeter Davis.
Davis' Second Great Quintet included keyboardist Herbie Hancock, who became one of Shorter's best friends and regular collaborators.
It was with this group that Shorter began flexing his composing muscles, channeling his innovative spirit within the traditional rules of jazz.
Davis often described the Second Great Quintet's ethos as "time, no changes" -- allowing free jazz without completely scrapping strictures.
The collaboration delivered some of the 20th century's best known jazz, including the songs "E.S.P.," "Nefertiti" and "Footprints."
"Wayne is a real composer" with "a kind of curiosity about working with musical rules," Davis said in his autobiography.
"If they didn't work, then he broke them, but with musical sense; he understood that freedom in music was the ability to know the rules in order to bend them to your own satisfaction and taste."
'Eternity in composition'
In 1970, Shorter co-founded Weather Report, where he played a leading role in the development of jazz fusion -- which combined the harmonies and improvisation of jazz with developing forms of rock, funk and R&B.
Over the band's 16-year career, it adopted a new way of playing that dropped the standard format of soloists playing with accompaniment to instead encourage all band members to improvise simultaneously.
Weather Report also showed an interest in music's technological innovations, experimenting with electronic elements.
Already famous in his own right, Shorter's crossover collaborations with acts including Joni Mitchell, Steely Dan and Carlos Santana brought his talent to a wider audience.
His partnership with Mitchell was particularly poignant: Shorter worked on every album she released between 1977 and 2002.
"One of the greatest experiences I ever had was listening to a conversation with Joni Mitchell and Wayne Shorter," Hancock said of their work.
"Just to hear them talking, my mouth was open. They understand each other perfectly, and they make these leaps and jumps because they don't have to explain anything."
Mitchell also lavished praise on Shorter, saying the way he worked was "the difference between genius and talent."
A lover of comics and a long-time practicing Buddhist, Shorter in 2018 dropped "Emanon," a triple-disc tucked inside a 74-page fantasy graphic novel he co-wrote that details the adventures of a "rogue philosopher" who fights evil with truth.
"I'm looking to express eternity in composition," he had said more than a decade before, in his 2007 biography.
The decorated Shorter -- he nabbed most of the available lifetime achievement awards throughout his career, along with a Guggenheim fellowship -- continued to tour well into his golden years, though chronic health issues eventually slowed his pace.
Recently he had laid low, composing an opera with bassist Esperanza Spalding, which premiered in 2021.
He was forced to cut short a SFJAZZ residency due to his ailing health, and as he struggled to pay medical bills, Hancock spearheaded a series of all-star tribute shows to fund the expenses.
"To me, the definition of faith is to fear nothing," Shorter told The New York Times in 2018.
"I think that music opens portals and doorways into unknown sectors that it takes courage to leap into."
According to NPR, The latter part of Wayne Shorter's life was marked by almost 50 years of devotion to Nichiren Buddhism, a Japanese strain of the popular religion.
"I was hearing about Buddhism," Shorter told NPR in 2013. "But then I started to look into it and I started to open up and find out what was going on in the rest of the world instead of the west."
Those spiritual teachings influenced the musical ideas he applied to jazz at the start of the new millennium when he formed the Wayne Shorter Quartet featuring a handpicked group of much younger musicians, the report said.
The group's recorded work was captured by Shorter's return to Blue Note Records after over four decades with a series of releases that showcased the band's intense improvisations on Shorter compositions old and new.
As recently as 2018, with the release of his acclaimed final album, Emanon, Wayne Shorter continued to find the common ground between the spiritual and the musical, NPR report noted.
"We have a phrase [in Buddhism]: hom nim yoh," he said in the 2013 NPR interview."It means 'From this moment forward is the first day of my life.' So put 100 percent into the moment that you're in because the present moment is the only time when you can change the past and the future."
(With inputs from Online Desk)