I could not speak. I became unconscious. I could not open my mouth because then I smelled something terrible... I heard my daughter snoring in a terrible way, very abnormal... When crossing to my daughter’s bed... I collapsed and fell... I wanted to speak, my breath would not come out... My daughter was already dead.”
These are the words of Joseph Nkwain, who on August 21, 1986, survived one of the strangest natural disasters in history.
Known locally as “the Bad Lake”, Lake Nyos, located in the northwest region of Cameroon, Africa, carried a folklore of danger, and tales were spoken of an evil spirit which emerged from the lake to kill all those who lived near it. This legend contained the memory of a very real threat.
Formed in a volcanic crater created as recently as 400 years ago, crater lakes commonly have high levels of CO2 as they are formed by the volcanic activity happening miles beneath them. Under normal circumstances, these gases are released over time as the lake water turns over.
But Lake Nyos was different. An unusually still lake, with little in the way of environmental agitation, rather than releasing the gases, the lake was acting as a high pressure storage unit. Its deep waters becoming ever more loaded with gases, more than five gallons of CO2 dissolved in every gallon of water. Pressurised to the physical limit, Lake Nyos was a time bomb.
On August 21, 1986, something in the lake went off. It is unknown what the trigger was—landslide, small volcanic eruption, or even something as small as cold rain falling on an edge of the lake. Whatever the cause, the result was catastrophic. Known as a Limnic Eruption, the lake literally exploded, sending a fountain of water over 300 feet into the air and creating a small tsunami. But far more deadly than the water was the gas.
Some 1.2 cubic kilometres of CO2 was released in roughly 20 seconds. This massive wave of deadly gas swept over the countryside. Villages nearby the lake had almost no chance of survival, and in the nearby Nyos only six out of 800 survived. (Those who did survive mostly did so by quickly escaping to higher ground on motorcycles.) As the CO2 settled, every flame and fire was immediately extinguished, a sign of the doom descending all around Lake Nyos.
The cloud spread far and wide killing people who were as far as 25 km away from the lake. Nearby villagers who came out of their houses to find out what the sound they had heard were overtaken by wafting clouds of gas and fell dead at their doorsteps. People taking naps were killed without their relatives even realising anything had happened, as the gas settled on the ground with enough concentration to kill, but left those standing unaffected.
In all, 1,746 people were killed. The villages of Nyos, Kam, Cha, and Subum were left all but wiped out. And, more than 3,500 livestock perished in a matter of minutes. The lake itself turned from a clear blue to a deep red, a change that was caused by iron churned up from the bottom, symbolic of the violence of the natural event.
Since this disastrous event, the lake has been monitored and a simple degassing solution put in place. A pipe has been installed in Lake Nyos that runs to the bottom of the lake and allows the gas to escape at a regular rate. Due to the pressurised nature of the gas, it creates a rather lovely CO2-powered fountain of water.
However, this may not be enough and the lake is once again at CO2 levels higher than in 1986 and a natural dam on the lake is in danger of failing which would cause a double disaster of both flooding and gassing simultaneously.
Also worrying is nearby Lake Kivu, a lake over 1,000 times larger than Nyos and in a much more populous area, which has been shown to have a historical record of causing creatures in the lake to go extinct approximately every thousand years. Scientists believe that a volcanic disturbance could cause the same kind of event seen at Nyos but on a much, much larger scale. The question is when?