LOS ANGELES: Human activity is forcing mammals to go nocturnal, according to a study.
The study, published in the journal Science, presents the first effort to quantify the global effects of human activity on the daily wildlife activity patterns.
Its results highlight how animals have altered their behaviour along with humans. Human disturbance has resulted in a more nocturnal natural world.
"Catastrophic losses in wildlife populations and habitats as a result of human activity are well documented, but the subtler ways in which we affect animal behaviour are more difficult to detect and quantify," said Kaitlyn Gaynor, a PhD candidate at University of California, Berkeley in the US.
Researchers applied a meta-analysis approach, using data for 62 species across six continents to look for global shifts in the timing of daily activities of mammals in response to humans.
The data was collected using remote-controlled cameras, GPS, radio collars, and direct observation.
For each species in each study site, the authors quantified the difference in animal nocturnality under low and high human disturbance.
On an average, mammals were 36 times more nocturnal in response to human disturbance. This means that an animal that naturally split its activity evenly between the day and night increased its nighttime activity to 68 per cent around people.
This finding was consistent across carnivore and herbivore species of all body sizes greater than 1 kg (small mammals were not included in the study).
The pattern also held true across different types of human disturbance, including activities such as hunting, hiking, mountain biking, and infrastructure such as roads, residential settlement, and agriculture.
"While we expected to find a trend towards increased wildlife nocturnality around people, we were surprised by the consistency of the results around the world," said Gaynor.
"Animals responded strongly to all types of human disturbance, regardless of whether people actually posed a direct threat, suggesting that our presence alone is enough to disrupt their natural patterns of behaviour," she said.
The consequences of the behavioural shift in wildlife can be seen through contrasting lenses, researchers said.
"On the positive side, the fact that wildlife is adapting to avoid humans temporally could be viewed as a path for the coexistence of humans and wild animals on an increasingly crowded planet," said Justin Brashares of UC Berkeley.
"However, animal activity patterns reflect millions of years of adaptation - it's hard to believe we can simply squeeze nature into the dark half of each day and expect it to function and thrive," Brashares said.
Researchers described a range of potential negative consequences of the shifts they report in wildlife, including mismatches between the environment and an animal's traits, disruption of normal foraging behaviour, increased vulnerability to non-human predators, and heightened competition.