Minorities say they're sidelined by Sri Lanka's Parliament
COLOMBO: As lawmakers in Sri Lanka celebrate the 70th anniversary of the country's parliamentary democracy, one of the oldest in Asia, minorities including Tamils, Christians and Muslims remain on the fringes of society.
Even with some representation in Parliament, the minorities complain they have been sidelined by the majority Buddhist Sinhalese.
The Sinhalese-controlled legislature has done little to heal the wounds left from a quarter-century civil war that ended in 2009, and still refuses to acknowledge or investigate allegations of wartime atrocities by the government.
It has been accused of perpetuating rule by the country's 70 per cent Sinhalese majority instead of unifying the multicultural nation.
With tensions growing, some, including the prime minister, have questioned whether Sri Lanka has been successful in its seven-decade state-building process.
"We started 1947 as a united people, but over the past years we had an ethnic conflict ... to the point of a civil war," Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe told a special session of Parliament on Tuesday to celebrate its 70th anniversary.
"We safeguarded democracy through all that, but we are yet to provide a political solution and unify the country," he said.
Others say that, while democracy -- based on majority rule -- has helped Sri Lanka on many fronts, it has also caused harm.
Jehan Perera of the National Peace Council, a local peace research and activist group, argues that the political system has increased divisions in the tropical island nation.
"In a country of ethnic divisions, majority rule can be a dictatorship by a permanent majority over a permanent minority," he said.
The divisions surfaced quickly after Sri Lanka, then known as Ceylon, won independence from British rule in 1948.
Within two years, the first post-independence Parliament stripped hundreds of thousands of mostly Tamil tea plantation workers of Indian origin of their citizenship and right to vote. That prompted fears among indigenous Tamil leaders, who demanded a federal form of self-rule in the country's north and east where they form a majority.
In 1956 a new government came to power on a wave of Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism and quickly abolished English as the language of government, instituting Sinhala as the only national language. That marked the starting point of an ethnic conflict that later flared into a vicious civil war that killed at least 100,000 people, according to UN estimates.
Non-violent campaigns by Tamil leaders demanding equal status for minority Tamils were attacked, and anti-Tamil riots killed hundreds of people. Thousands of other Tamils fled the country.
A cry for an independent Tamil state soon strengthened, and from the early 1970s Tamil youths in the north and east began taking up arms and launching sporadic attacks on police and government installations. Tamil politicians, meanwhile, boycotted discussions on crafting the first constitution because they said their concerns were not considered by the Parliament at the time.
It wasn't until state-backed Sinhalese mobs launched countrywide riots and attacks against Tamils in 1983 that civil war erupted in earnest. The riots left Tamil villages burned and hundreds dead. Hundreds of thousands fled the country, while many of those who remained joined Tamil militant groups.
Faced with a bloody conflict, Parliament attempted several constitutional changes to share some power with the Tamil minority and nullify the call for separatism. It introduced provincial councils through an India-brokered peace accord in 1987.
But the councils fell short of Tamil demands for autonomy, and Sinhalese opposed them for giving too much power to the minority group.
Parliament had also changed its stand on the language issue and included Tamil as an official language, but statelessness and voting rights of plantation workers of Indian origin weren't fully settled until the early 2000s.
"There is no reason to be proud of our parliamentary democracy, it has been a failure," said senior Tamil journalist Veeragathy Thanabalasingham.
"As early as 1948 the government started enacting laws to suppress minorities. As a result, a war erupted. Even after such destruction, the Sinhala polity has not had a change of mind in order to prevent more conflicts in the future," he said.
The war ended in 2009 after Sri Lankan soldiers killed the leader of the Tamil Tiger rebels, and many hoped that would lead to a period of post-war reconciliation and a resolution of widespread war crimes allegedly perpetrated by both sides.
But no independent investigations have been allowed to take place.
Meanwhile, the military remains powerful, occupying barracks lined with barbed wire and private lands across the former conflict zone. Efforts to reform Sri Lanka's police, judiciary and other institutions to reflect the country's ethnic composition have crawled, exacerbating minority fears.