Even as Ukraine celebrates recent battlefield victories, its government faces a looming challenge on the financial front: how to pay the enormous cost of the war effort without triggering out-of-control price spikes for ordinary people or piling up debt that could hamper postwar reconstruction.
The struggle is finding loans or donations to cover a massive budget deficit for next year and do it without using central bank bailouts that risk wrecking Ukraine's currency, the hryvnia.
Economists working with the government say that if Ukraine can shore up its finances through the end of next year, it is Russia that could find itself in financial trouble if a proposed oil price cap by the US, European Union and allies saps Moscow's earnings.
Here are key facts about Ukraine's economic battle against Russia:
How has Ukraine been paying for its defence so far?
In the first days of Russia's invasion, the Ukrainian government turned to foreign help that came at irregular intervals.
When it didn't have enough, the central bank bought government bonds using newly printed money.
The alternative would have been to stop paying people's pensions and state salaries.
Economists say printing money while a badly needed stop-gap measure at the time risks letting inflation get out of control and collapsing the value of the country's currency if it continues.
Ukraine has painful memories of hyperinflation from the early 1990s, economist Nataliia Shapoval said.
As a child, she watched her parents use large bundles of bills for everyday purchases as the currency lost value day by day, before being replaced by today's hryvnia.
"Ukraine has been through this, so we know what inflation that is out of control looks like, and we don't want this again," said Shapoval, vice president for policy research at the Kyiv School of Economics.
The government and the central bank are already on the slippery slope by printing so much.
Price stability and the ability to pay pensions have an enormous impact on ordinary people and society at a time when Russia is trying to demoralize the population by knocking out power and water heading into winter.
With inflation already high at 27%, price hikes have made it hard for lower-income people to afford food.
Bread that used to cost the equivalent of 50 US cents has doubled, said Halyna Morozova, a resident of Kherson, a recently liberated southern city.
"It is very depressing, and we are nervous. We were living on old stocks (of food), but now the light is turned off, the refrigerator doesn't work and we have to throw away the food," the 80-year-old said recently.
She said the Russians kept paying her Ukrainian pension in rubles but since they started to withdraw in October, she has received nothing.
She's counting on the government to return any pension money that was lost, she said.
Tetiana Vainshtein, also in Kherson, says natural gas is too expensive to keep her home heated.
"I am cold. I like warmth, and I'm terribly cold," the 68-year-old said.
Bank closures during the Russian occupation kept her from getting her pension cash, forcing her to carefully ration every hryvnia for food, she said.
How much support does Ukraine need?
President Volodymyr Zelenskyy says Ukraine needs USD 38 billion in outright aid from Western allies like the US and 27-nation EU, plus USD 17 billion for a reconstruction fund for war damage.
Economists associated with the Kyiv School of Economics say a lower overall total of USD 50 billion from donors would be enough to get Ukraine through the year.
Defense spending is six times higher in the 2023 budget recently passed by the Ukrainian parliament compared to last year.
Military and security spending will total 43% of the budget, or an enormous 18.2% of annual economic output.
The 2.6 trillion hryvnia budget has a yawning 1.3 trillion hryvnia deficit, meaning the government needs to find USD 3 billion to USD 5 billion a month to cover the gap.
Recent attacks on energy infrastructure since the budget passed will only increase the financing need because repairs can't wait for postwar reconstruction and will hit this year's budget.
How could finances affect the outcome of the war?
Despite Western sanctions, Russia's economy has fared better than Ukraine's because high oil and natural gas prices have bolstered the Kremlin's budget.
Plans by the EU and allies in the Group of Seven democracies to place a price cap on Russian oil sales aim to change that.
The Kyiv school economists say by the middle of next year, we believe that the economic situation will shift strongly in Ukraine's favor, making strong partner support particularly important over the period until that point.
How much financing does Ukraine have already?
The US has been the leading donor, giving USD 15.2 billion in financial assistance and USD 52 billion in overall aid, including humanitarian and military assistance, through Oct.
3, according to the latest available data compiled by the Ukraine Support Tracker at the Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
EU institutions and member countries have committed USD 29.2 billion, though "many of their pledges are arriving in Ukraine with long delays," said Christoph Trebesch, who heads the tracker team.
The European Commission, the EU's executive arm, has proposed 18 billion euros in no-interest, long-term loans for next year, which still need approval from member governments.
The US will likely contribute more as well.